Correction to below

After asking Labcorp rep, they still perform Lyme WB, at least upon my request, without ELISA or EIA.  Please note.

Labcorp and the Lyme Western Blot

As many are aware, Labcorp will no longer allow physicians to order Western Blots for Lyme disease. The only test available is the ELISA with reflex to Western Blot if positive.

They have also taken away the C6 peptide.  The results are presented as only negative if less than 0.91.

These changes are not going to get Labcorp any more business.  What motivated the change?

One can only guess that someone affiliated with the IDSA influenced the policy change. In the past, when the Western Blot was ordered, the laboratory informed us the ELISA test should be ordered as well. Should be? According to whom?

Some ID doctors are inappropriately applying the HIV testing paradigm in the case of Lyme testing. When testing for HIV it is crucial to do the ELISA first because it is possible to have a positive Western Blot and a negative ELISA rendering a negative test.  Luckily with HIV there are other, better,  confirmatory tests available.

There is no evidence the same applies with Lyme testing.  The IDSA has claimed there are a lot of false positive Lyme Western Blots because of cross reactivity.  This claim remains largely unreferenced.  I recently saw a patient with a history of syphilis, RPR positive. The Lyme Western Blot was entirely negative. Many patients test positive for rheumatoid arthritis and Epstein Barr Virus and have negative Western Blots. (these are the common scenarios said to cause false positive tests). The ELISA is known to have many false negatives. Skipping this test and going to the Western Blot increases the sensitivity of the test.  If there is some decrease in specificity it would seem to be minimal at best.  In other words, patients are more likely to get an accurate result when the physician orders the Western Blot directly and skips the ELISA.

The CDC still states that Western Blot testing should only be done when the ELISA is first positive. The Website states that IgM results found after the first 4-6 weeks are likely false positive unless 5/10 IgG bands appears at that time. These facts are referenced back to findings from 1994-95. As you may recall this finding was based on an assay using the discarded N40 strain of Lyme and B31 has become the standard strain.

1) These results are based on a meeting which occurred 20 years ago. When the testing remains so controversial why hasn't there been a more recent reassessment?

2) At best this is revisionist history. The test was developed for surveillance (an epidemiology or research tool) not for diagnosis.  How a test developed for an entirely different purpose (monitoring the relative number of cases in different locations over time) morphed into a bullet proof test for diagnosis of Lyme disease is far beyond my ability to comprehend. 

Why are we going backwards. Why is there a problem with giving physicians and their patients more information?

The CDC stubbornly says on their website that there are no borderline positive tests. There is an absolute requirement to have 5/10 bands because at least this many always shows up.  According to the logic presented by the CDC the finding of a positive ELISA followed by the appearance of 4 IgG Western Blot bands is absolutely, 100% negative for Lyme.

One would like to know who wrote this tripe.

The long arm of the IDSA has managed to promote its agenda by manipulating the CDC and now Labcorp.

I caught Ben Beard, the chief of the bacteria section (Lyme included)  of vector borne diseases for CDC off balance when I had the opportunity to meet with him along with members of Nat Cap Lyme some years ago. Dr. Beard was flustered when I pointed out the contradictions in the CDC pronouncements especially about the appropriate use of the two tiered Lyme test.

When I asked him if the CDC wasn't speaking out of both sides of its mouth on the topic he hemmed and hawed and then ultimately responded "well, that's the party line."

What party was he referring to? Democrats? Republicans? Perhaps the IDSA vs ILADS. Dr. Beard's s comment to me was an admission that politics have trumped reason, logic and science. The IDSA has extended its mandate. They are no longer a professional society for infectious disease physicians. They are in fact a political party. Triumphantly they can say, Labcorp: Welcome to the party!  As with all political parties, the truth is frequently abandoned when its application leads to undesired results.

In the wake of emerging science and changes in the very nature of the pathogens responsible for Lyme disease this discussion is becoming more and more a moot point.

Its a win for:  Quest, Clongen, IgeneX, Stony Brook and a few others.  Lyme patients who are insured by health insurance companies that insist Labcorp be used should complain and lobby for a change to another lab.  As they say: vote with your feet.

Are staunch supporters of the IDSA admitting they might have been wrong all along?

A paper from the Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology from Johns Hopkins is quite remarkable, especially since Paul Auwaerter is one of the authors.  The paper presents ideas which are a complete turnaround from the previous orthodoxy promoted by this institution and this author in particular.  The entity in question is called PTLSD, post-treatment Lyme disease syndrome by the authors. The authors state they do not know the cause of the syndrome. They concede that up to 1/5 of the patients treated for Lyme disease by IDSA standards have persisting or lingering symptoms.

The authors state recruitment for clinical trials has been difficult. Why?  The only patients accepted into the studies were treated for early, classic Lyme and subsequently developed the famous 5/10 CDC IgG bands. Findings these patients is like finding a needle in a haystack.  Recent peer-reviewed literature suggests that patients with chronic symptoms tend to have poor IgM responses and never develop IgG responses. The patients we see in our clinical practices rarely have CDC positive IgG responses. Chronic Lyme studies recruit a small cohort of patients likely to be healthier than the vast majority of chronic patients.

Let me digress.  The IDSA and CDC keep insisting that patients with chronic Lyme develop 5/10 IgG bands in virtually every case. Repeating something over and over again does not make it true.

The 5/10 come from a paper written by Dressler in 1993, one year before the ill-fated Dearborn conference. This is the same Dressler that suggested IgM criteria should be 2/8 bands (sounds an awful lot like IgeneX criteria). The criteria was dismissed because Dressler’s research was based on the N40 strain of B. burgdorferi, not the B31 which has become the standard. Therefore, the “flawed” IgM standard was dismissed. Somehow, the “flawed” IgG criteria based on the same discarded strain of Lyme was allowed to become the standard and this has never changed.

The authors list possible causes of the syndrome:  autoimmune, persisting debris (dead germs) or persisting infection. Only the persistent infection hypothesis is called “controversial,” even though this is the only hypothesis backed by fact.

It is silly to have a discussion about whether animals have chronic Lyme symptoms. The authors state: “a number of prospective, randomized clinical studies demonstrated no significant beneficial effect of additional antibiotic therapy… and no evidence of presence of B. burgdorferi in patients with long-term symptoms.” 

How do they define “significant?”  Patients showed improvements in fatigue, pain and quality of life issues and Dr. Fallon the last author of the famous NIH sponsored studies believes that additional antibiotic therapy helps because there is persisting infection.  The authors claim there is no evidence of presence of B. Burdorferi. There certainly is no evidence that the spirochete is gone. The authors also note that some studies showed a decrease in fatigue. The authors seem to be arguing amongst themselves.

The authors are intrigued by the fact that one patient who had been treated for Lyme gave the germ to a tick allowed to feed on his blood.  This test seem just wrong to me.  Why wasn’t a PCR done of the patient’s blood at the same time? This procedure makes a lot more sense to me. Anyway, I am glad the authors are intrigued.

The authors concede that recent literature demonstrates the persistence of infection in mice.

This is where it gets weird. The authors talk about 3 morphological forms: spirochete, L-form, and cyst. I am I reading this right? This sounds like the ILADS’ pabulum which the same sources have spent a lot of resources on, even in recent months, discrediting.

Without this apparent change of face there would be reason to do this research or publish this paper.

These authors discuss two stages in the life cycle of Lyme: the rapid growth phase and the stationary phase. These authors commit blasphemy. The cross one more line and talk about “biofilm-like aggregates.”

In the test tube, the researchers found there are always persisters.

The purpose of the study was to show the researchers had developed a tool to help identify antimicrobials which may better able to eliminate persisters.

“Our findings may have implications for the development of a more effective treatment for Lyme disease and for the relief of long-term symptoms that afflict some Lyme disease patients.”

I am getting confused.  Was this study written by IDSA proponents or backers of the ILADS’ way of thinking?

Even in a test tube. No antimicrobial was found that could kill all the persisters.  That should be like “shooting fish in a barrel.”

In a real human being things are a bit more complex. The germs hide on the inside and outside of cells. The germs penetrate deep tissues like cartilage with minimal blood flow. The spirochetes invade a panoply of host tissues, all with different characteristics:  brain, nerves, joints, cartilage, tendon, heart, colon and numerous others.

Based on these few facts it seems outlandish to believe that a short course of IDSA sanctioned therapy is likely to eradicate all of the spirochetes.

Novel drugs like: clofazimine, daptomycin, cefoperazone, carbomycin are the best drugs for killing cysts.

Let’s not rush in – please.  Flagyl is said to have no anti-cyst activity, contradicting other work which proves the opposite. Most of these drugs are highly specialized, too potent and should likely not be used.

It seems that the science is catching up with ILADS, leaving the IDSA in it's wake.

The Lyme World On Its Head: Rapidly Emerging New Paradigms

The Lyme world is being turned upside down.

A recent study, as many are aware, performed PCR testing on stored sera of 52 patient samples from patients diagnosed with Lyme disease. Four were PCR positive. This underscores the problem with PCR. It has a low yield. If it were feasible to do 5-10 tests on every patient we would probably have a pretty good test. The finding are intriguing. Two of four, 50% were positive for Lyme as we know it, Borrelia burgdorderi. One was positive for B. Miyamotoi and one a "novel" species of Borrelia.  The paradigm is changing. "Lyme disease" more often than not may be caused by species other than the one over which there has been so much fuss:  B. burgdorferi.  This is just where the story begins. A recent survey of a nearby park (Montgomery County, Maryland)  was performed by Clongen (Dr. Kilani). His team collected 45 ticks. Two were dog tick and the rest were lone star ticks. Not one dear tick in the sampling. Why? Lone star ticks are known to be much more aggressive than deer ticks and appear to be taking over the ecological niche. Do these ticks cause Lyme disease? I think we can answer that question.  One quarter of the lone star ticks were infected with  B. lonestari. About 15% had anaplasmosis and one half showed infection with Babesia species. I do not think the Babesia species PCR is all inclusive, so it is possible that even a higher percentage of these more relevant ticks are laden with Babesia.

Fast forward to a patient I recently saw. This patient had a classic bull's eye rash on his foot in April. A doctor prescribed 3 weeks of doxycycline. When he complained of persisting symptoms another three weeks was prescribed. Symptoms continued. He was prescribed a course of Zithromax which provided little further relief. This patient has suffered with fatigue; night sweats; numbness and tingling; severe anxiety; memory problems and cognitive dysfunction; severe joint pain with swelling; palpitations, air hunger and shortness of breath, weight loss of 15 pounds and other symptoms. These symptoms persisted in the face of more than double the IDSA recommended course of therapy. Post treatment Lyme syndrome, right?  He had a Lyme Western blot through Labcorp: 41 IgG band only. He had PCR testing through Clongen: Positive for large numbers of Borrelia lonestari, not Lyme per se and negative for Babesia. 

Have we have a documented case of post-treatment B. lonstari showing persistence of the organism.  Maybe the first. The PCR test was not previously available. So the patient has STARI, Master's disease.

Wait a minute. Doesn't the IDSA/CDC crew say that STARI is no big deal? Oh yeah. They say the same about Lyme don't they.

Let's put this together. Lone star ticks are emerging as the dominant species of tiny hard body ticks which transmit tickborne disease and Lyme or its equivalent. They do not usually carry classic Lyme B. burdorferi, rather they carry a new germ about which we know very little; in half the cases of "old Lyme" transmitted by deer ticks, other species of Borrelia, rather than the expected B. Burdorferi may be the cause.  We have a paradigm which is being turned on its heels. Borrelia burdorferi as the causative agent of Lyme disease may soon be of historical importance.

Even with the conventional B. burdorferi, Lyme testing is known to be inaccurate (at least in Virginia). What now? We are bereft of any tests. I actually think there is some cross reactivity, so the appearance of CDC "nonspecific" bands may take on more importance in the short term. We are left with the idea that the diagnosis is a clinical one. This idea puts a real sour taste in the mouth of IDSAers who continue to promote an inaccurate, and now perhaps obsolete Lyme test as the basis for diagnosis as they discount the idea that the "subjective" (therefore untrustworthy)  history and physical exam can be used to make the diagnosis. When I went to medical school, a long time ago I know, we were taught that if you listened to the patient he would give you the diagnosis in the vast majority of cases.

How about Babesia? I have seen an epidemic on the rise. Babesia species. Which species? 

Back to the patient at hand. He was PCR negative for Babesia species and sero-negative for B. microti and B. duncani.  I did a blood smear and found a few, possible hemato-parasites. Test indeterminate.

The symptoms sounded classic for Babesia. And -- with anti-malaria therapy --  night sweats, air hunger and other symptoms have abated within only 2 weeks.

We don't have a dependable test for these largely unknown species of Babesia; but we have evidence that this tickborne disease may be playing a very major role in the exploding, frequently devastating (still invisible to many) epidemic.

How about resistance?  There is a lot of information about drug resistant versions of Malaria but none forthcoming about Babesia. Clinically we know this is a problem as we step up the ladder from Meporn to Malarone to Coartem and then to even Larium and Quinine with persisting symptoms.

In front of me is an abstract for J Parasitol 2014, Feb 28, Cao et al who state: "The resistance of Babesia parasites to current anti-babesiosis drugs is an issue of major concern." 

Thank you. Someone is taking notice.

None of this should be that surprising. We are dealing with a new and emerging disease. The tick vectors were barely known to exist before the 1970s. Borrelia are a very diverse genus as are Babesia of which more than 100 species are known to exist.

With incredulity I ask the rhetorical question: how can insurance companies, State Medical Boards, the CDC and the IDSA hold up guidelines written 8 years ago as the gold standard which defines the standard of care for the management of Lyme disease and other tickborne illnesses?

Why do some patient develop chronic Lyme?

A new study may help us understand why some patients get better and other don’t.  This topical study: Serum Inflammatory Mediators as Markers of Human Lyme Disease Activity, was published in PLOS one-- the lead authors are from Johns Hopkins University. All published Lyme studies have had problems with patient selection. Patient groups are selected because they are supposed to have the same thing. IDSA criteria are generally used. The group in this study had early Lyme associated with EM rash.  As I have discussed previously, most patients with acute Lyme do not present with a rash; and more to the point, most patients with chronic Lyme are not diagnosed in a timely fashion. Nonetheless, this study conveys important information.  

This study demonstrates the exist of two distinct patient populations who have very different immunological responses to infection with Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme) – one group has a robust response based on measurements of cytokines and markers of inflammation; the other group has a minimal immunological reaction using the same indicators. The two groups have very different clinical outcomes. 

I am pleased by a change in verbiage/terminology. In this study the authors use the words PTLDS, post-treatment Lyme disease syndrome, which replaces the old term PLDS, post-Lyme disease syndrome. This small change leaves the door open to the notion that Lyme organisms may persist after treatment. And here we are dealing with acute patients treated early in the course of the illness.

The study measures molecules which moderate immune responses.  The immune system is tasked with finding offending invaders, like germs, and eradicating them by a host of complex mechanisms and devices. (Seek out and destroy)  This study measures the messengers that help direct the traffic of the immune system – sending signals to an assortment of cells, telling them where to go and when.

The authors note the immune system alone is unable to eradicate Lyme infection and that late-stage arthritis develops in many patients. They describe a subset of patients who develop antibiotic refractory disease 12 months or more. The dogma that host immune responses is the major factor in such cases is discussed, but, from the mouse model -- another possibility is discussed.  “Delays in the generation of long-lived plasma cells (the cells that make antibodies) and a weak, largely IgM response (sound familiar) may be part of a Lyme (Borrelia burdorferi) strategy to avoid clearance.”(Yet another mechanism of survival).  The authors reflect that residual antigen or infection in some treated patient may explain the persistence of symptoms, in post-treatment Lyme disease, but state: “this is a very controversial area.” 

The scientists measures many molecules that traffic immune cells, with names like: CCL1 9, CXCL 19, CXCL 10, CRP, SAA, IL-1a, IL-18, IL33, IL6, TNF alpha, and others.

Two distinct responses were identified. On groups showed high levels of these markers of immune response while the other showed low levels of these markers.

One particular mediator of inflammation, IL-6 remained elevated in patients with late stage Lyme which the authors found surprising.  These patients with post-treatment, symptomatic Lyme disease showed immunological evidence of persistent inflammation – or infection. 

The group of patient with a high level of reaction (cytokines, chemokines) had lower WBC counts, increased liver function counts and higher levels of markers of inflammation such as CRP. This group produced Lyme antibodies, or seroconverted. This group showed clinical remission.  The group with low level reactions to the same molecules did not share these features: these patients had a tendency not to seroconvert. This group of patients was more likely to develop post treatment symptoms like chronic joint pain.  

This study has clearly identified a subset patient who are more likely to develop chronic Lyme disease even after IDSA recommended treatment for stage one disease. This study sheds light on why many patients are seronegative (do not make antibodies) or have weak IgM responses as we commonly see. This study lays the foundation for the development of a test which helps us predict which patients need more help early on -- those who are at higher risk for developing chronic disease.

On another note…

Another scientist’s face is displayed in a Johns Hopkins University magazine in an article which states he has beliefs contrary to the IDSA and that he believes in Lyme persiters which might respond to a drug for tuberculosis. The article say that while these ideas would not be controversial regarding tuberculosis they are very controversial when mentioned in the context of Lyme disease.  

Lyme from Lyme and Babesia too

People like to hear patient vignettes. Here's one that takes the cake. This is a new patient so I cannot say anything about treatment or outcome. We go back to where it all started.

A young woman from rural Massachusetts has always enjoyed spending a lot of time outdoors hiking and camping. She has had innumerable tick bites over a period of years. Her dog suffers with Lyme disease. A few years ago she went camping in Lyme Connecticut of all places. Lyme Connecticut. Over a period of years she developed a progressive illness. She developed a host of symptoms including:  migratory joint pains in her: elbows, wrists, hands fingers, knees, ankles and toes. A partial list of other symptoms includes: fatigue, poor endurance, rapid heart beats, anxiety, problems with focus and concentration, memory loss, unclear thinking, short-term memory loss, headaches, changes in vision and hearing, loss of coordination, numbness and tingling, trouble fully emptying her bladder, mood changes, anxiety, agitation and depression. She reported a history of night sweats and air hunger in the past only.

A few years ago she had a Lyme test which showed a positive ELISA and a negative Western Blot. This was considered a definite negative. She saw a variety of specialist from New England to New York who variably diagnosed her with fibromyalgia, depression or mixed connective tissue disease.  Lyme disease was not the answer according to the best medical minds from the best medical institutions.

A more recent Western Blot shows Lyme IgM antibody bands 23 and 41.  A C6 peptide test was 2.4. An IFA serological test for Babesia showed a positive reaction to WA1 (AKA) Babesia duncani with a titer of 1:256.

Pictures are worth a thousand words.  This is what her blood smear looks like.

Comments:

A positive ELISA is usually due to Lyme disease.  The other ELISA test usually not done, C6 peptide (which most doctors have never heard of) may provide the answer.   Patients rarely develop IgG Lyme Western Blot bands irrespective of how long they have had the disease --  despite repeated promulgations from the IDSA and the CDC.  Most US physicians have never heard of Babesia duncani.  Last week one of my patients (another patient)  showed a picture of a blood smear (taken by me)  to a  highly trained, university-based rheumatologist. He was captivated by the blood smear so he ordered a test for Babesia divergens.  This is a cow pathogen which has crossed over to humans and occurs in Europe only; it is virtually never seen on this side of the Atlantic. By keeping the parasite named WA1 -- even though the organism has had a proper name, B. duncani for more than a decade it feels like its existence is intentionally being kept from the general population of physicians. This name, which is never spoken, is never mentioned at continuing medical education lectures for general physicians.  

Academic medical experts are so dead-set against the Lyme diagnosis and perhaps B. duncani (since ILADS types always bring it up) -- that even with a history of innumerable tick bites and a history of camping in Lyme Connecticut of all places -- the diagnosis is readily discarded.  After all, there was no rash, Lyme is over-diagnosed and anyway chronic Lyme does not exist. To these experts It is clear the patient must suffer with a "real disease" like fibromyalgia. And so it goes.

Lyme disease as a New World disease

Has Lyme been around thousands of years?  Maybe. The spirochete responsible for Lyme, Borrelia burgdorferi was found in a hip bone fragment from the 5300 year old iceman discovered in the permafrost in the Swiss/ Austria Alps 2 decades ago.   Illness attributed to the spirochete before the 1970s appears to have been rare; sporadic cases of a relatively mild disease were reported in Europe dating back to the 1800s.  Lyme disease and its attendant spirochete were never know in the New World until quite recently, about 40 years ago.  The epidemic, for no apparent reason, suddenly appeared in Old Lyme Connecticut the 1970s. 

Cases of a new disease were reported to The Connecticut State Department of Health in 1975. The acting director of the Preventable Diseases Division in Connecticut discussed these cases with Dr. Steere and Dr Malwesta, rheumatology section Yale University of Medicine.

Why not the CDC?

At that time the CDC had something of a storied history.  The CDC was founded in 1946 but initially was a small organization with a small staff of engineers and etymologists studying malaria in war torn areas.  Epidemiology was added in 1949. Disease surveillance became the cornerstone of the CDC’s mission. With the Korean War the focus changed to bio-warfare. The Public Health Service merged with the CDC in the late 1950s and the CDC took over the Tuskegge study which observed the effects of untreated syphilis on black males. The CDC underplays this on their website, defensively mentioning the words television and the media.  The CDC touts its successes:  polio, immunizations, small pox, Legionnaires disease, toxic shock syndrome and HIV/AIDS.  Lyme is not mentioned. 

In the mid-1970s, instead of involving the Federal Government, an acting director in public health sought the advice of Dr. Steer, a rheumatology fellow, a doctor still in training.

In the initial report 39 children and 12 adults in Old Lyme and East Haddam were reported to have what was described as mild arthritis. Cases mostly occurred in rural and wooded areas. Half the patients had only joint pain while others also complained of fever, headaches, weakness and a rash. An unusual skin lesion was reported in one quarter of the cases. The cause was unknown and thought to be a virus. 

Where did it come from?

Historically, many diseases have jumped from one continent to the next; imported by humans. Syphilis was imported the Americas along with Christopher Columbus and other conquistadors from Europe in the late 15^th century with devastating consequences. The even more devastating plague of smallpox, another “gift” from the “old word” to the New World was yet to follow. 

We do not know the origins of Lyme although there is much speculation.

Local state departments and the CDC continue to deny the existence of Lyme disease in various locations.  I am now seeing a cohort of Lyme patients from central Florida. I have patients who have contracted Lyme disease in such heretofore unlikely of places such as New Mexico. 

We have a pretty good idea of how Lyme is spread from one community to the next. Migratory patterns of a wide variety of birds. This mode of transmission has been very efficient. 

Comment:  Why did the CDC suddenly increase its estimate of the number of new cases of Lyme disease annually from 30,000 to 300,000? The CDC always knew that the number 30,000, the number of reported cases was a fraction of the true number of cases  The majority of cases they count are not reported, cases associated with a rash, treated by primary care physicians. Over 2 million Lyme disease test ordered annually and this is probably and an under-estimation. How many new cases of Lyme are missed, the diagnosis tragically overlooked because the signs and symptoms of the disease were not recognized by treating physicians - or "providers."

Seventy five percent of new cases are associated with a rash according to the CDC? The CDC case definition emphasizes the presence of EM rash causing a bias in this manufactured number.  The earliest data presented here show that only 25% of patients with acute Lyme recalled a rash. This suggests that no more than 25% of patients with acute Lyme disease present with a rash – not 75%.

Unfortunately, as I hear over and over again for my patients, poorly informed physicians tell patients they cannot have Lyme disease since they never had a rash.

I sense that the CDC suffers with an identity crisis. What is its mission? Surveillance. Epidemiology. Disease prevention. Aiding doctors in the management of acute and threatening epidemics. Medical research.  Coordinating research with NIH. Working with other strategic partners. The CDC has a lot on its plate and seems to be understaffed.  What is the basis for its alliance with the Infectious Disease Society of America? Are the IDSA guidelines evidence-based? Are they peer-reviewed? The IDSA guidelines are opinion driven, steeped in politics and certainly not peer-reviewed by any outside organization.

The NIH is still busy doing research on this 40 year old, new and emerging and most controversial disease -- how can the CDC pen guidelines written in stone? How can these guidelines be used to deprive physicians of medical licenses and deprive patients of access to care? 

Sweeping generalizations have been made of the basis of limited studies with tiny numbers of patients through of the eyes of a few biased, academically linked researchers with an axe to grind. 

We do not know the true incidence of the disease. We do not know how many cases are chronic. We know even less about other tickborne coinfections. Very few physicians have ever heard of Babesia duncani, yet it appears to infect as many as one in three patients with Lyme disease -- not to mention new and emerging species of Bartonella many of which are yet named. The 40-year-olds of today are the first generation of America who suffer with more fatigue, joint pain, disability and impaired quality of life than their parents.  What truly is the scope of this hidden epidemic, swept under the rug?

And then finally one must ask the questions: who is running the mental hospital? The inmates?  Where does this leave all the patients who are yet unable to find answers and frequently greeted with hostility from the very health care providers who should be providing them sympathy and support?